A "citizen" is normally defined as being of his or her nation, but I know some people claim to be "citizens" of much larger groupings like Europe or, rather more pretentiously, the world. The latter lay themselves open to a fair charge of not really knowing where they stand or which culture they live by, because the world is not the homogenous whole they imagine but a hotch-potch of many different cultures and societies.
You can only be of your own, native society even if you adopt others' ideas or way of life; but that does not mean yours is necessarily any better than theirs just because it's different.
I do not know John Dunne's poems, no, but I agree with the premise that no man is an island. I see nothing wrong with loyalty to one's own tribe or country, just as one can be loyal to friends or relatives, or to some social organisation of which you are a member. Besides, loyalty assumes not considering oneself as an "island". What is wrong, is using that pride to assert some sort of superiority over others, especially for no other reason than difference. The key is acknowledging and respecting those differences, not rejecting them or flattening them into some sort of standard "~ist".
You can't be a "citizen" of a political party, nor come to that, a religion or specific culture; You are a "member" or "follower" respectively, of those.
"Civilised" originally was often meant as living similarly to the speaker's own society, but this has rather unfortunate connotations. It seems now to refer more to living or behaving in a way that respects your own society and the people and places around you.
As for "populist", I have yet to find a convincing definition or need for that word to even exist. It appeared to have been coined in the excitement of the last US Presidential election; and appears mainly a slang, un-analytical term of abuse of political opponents. On the face of it though, the word reads as meaning something else, proposing policies that would be popular with the electorate... Heaven forfend that, in a democracy!