A 2013 HHS-backed study published in the International Journal of Epidemiology concluded that "children exposed to long-term use of paracetamol during pregnancy had substantially adverse developmental outcomes at 3 years of age." [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24163279/]
•A 2017 study published in the Journal of International Medical Research said, "The bottom line is that hundreds of studies describing the epidemiology of autism and the numerous and varied risk factors for autism have a straightforward explanation: autism could be an acetaminophen-induced brain injury facilitated by oxidative stress and inflammation in newborns and young children." [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5536672/#sec14-0300060517693423]
•A National Institutes of Health-funded 2019 study published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry indicated that "[umbilical] cord biomarkers of fetal exposure to acetaminophen were associated with significantly increased risk of childhood ADHD and ASD in a dose-response fashion." [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2753512]
•A 2023 scientific review published in the Swiss journal Children concluded "without reasonable doubt and with no evidence to the contrary that exposure of susceptible babies and children to acetaminophen (paracetamol) induces many, if not most, cases of autism spectrum disorder." [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10814214/]
•A 2024 study published in the journal Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics noted that "careful examination reveals no valid objections to the conclusion that early exposure to acetaminophen causes neurodevelopmental injury in susceptible babies and children." [https://e-cep.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3345/cep.2022.01319]
•An NIH-supported systematic review published last month in the medical journal Environmental Health noted on the basis of an analysis of scores of studies regarding the relationship between neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and prenatal exposure to acetaminophen, that "overall, the majority of the studies reported positive associations of prenatal acetaminophen use with ADHD, ASD, or NDDs in offspring, with risk-of-bias and strength-of-evidence ratings informing the overall synthesis." [https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12940-025-01208-0]
